- Non-respiratory tract sources
- Nasopharyngeal source of bleeding - epistaxis
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding - look out for melena
- Common Causes of respiratory tract bleeding
- Infection (60-70% of Hemoptysis)
- Acute Bronchitis (26% of Hemoptysis) - mucoid also
- Pneumonia (10% of Hemoptysis)
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa - foul smelling
- Tuberculosis (8% of Hemoptysis)
- Fungal organisms (e.g. Aspergillosis) - with a black component also
- Influenza
- Lung Cancer (23% of Hemoptysis)
- Hemoptysis is rarely due to metastases
- Less common causes of respiratory tract bleeding
- Cardiovascular causes
- Pulmonary venous Hypertension
- Congestive Heart Failure - frothy
- Severe Mitral Stenosis
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Arteriovenous malformation
- Pulmonary causes
- Bronchiectasis
- Airway trauma or foreign body (esp. children)
- Lung Abscess
- Goodpasture's Syndrome
- Wegener's Granulomatosis
- Lupus pneumonitis
DEFINITION Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/L. Normal level= 3.5-5.5 mmol/L. It is encountered in >20% of patients. Patients are usually asymptomatic but severe arrhythmias and rhabdomyolysis can occur. Non-specific complaints include easy fatiguability and skeletal muscle weakness. The preferred method of replacement is via the oral route but at times this is not possible. The article below will give you an idea about how to calculate the amount of KCl to be given I.V. 1) Potassium deficit in mmol is calculated as given below: K deficit (mmol) = (K normal lower limit - K measured ) x kg body weight x 0.4 2) Daily potassium requirement is around 1 mmol/Kg body weight. 3) 13.4 mmol of potassium found in 1 g KCl . ( molecular weight KCl = 39.1 + 35.5 = 74.6) Suppose we get an asymptomatic patient of 70 Kg with a serum potassium level of 3.0 mmol/L and he is on nil by mouth but having...
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