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DEFINITION Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/L. Normal level= 3.5-5.5 mmol/L. It is encountered... -
INTRODUCTION The Apgar score was devised in 1952 by Dr Virginia Apgar (anesthesiologist) as a simple and repeatable method to quickly ... -
1) There is usually a tingling sensation in the throat in hemoptysis while in hematemesis the patient will usually complain from nausea and ...
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DEFINITION Edema is an abnormal presence of excessive fluid in the interstitial space. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The movement of water a... -
INTRODUCTION The Gram stain was developed in 1884 by the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram. It is one of the most useful staining... -
The ECG changes in hypokalemia is mainly due to a delayed ventricular repolarisation. The changes normally do not correlate well with the pl... -
The plantar response is an important test to identify an upper motor neuron lesion. PROCEDURE To elicit it, the muscles of the lower li... -
Hyperemia and congestion both indicate a local increased volume of blood in a particular tissue. Hyperemia is an active process tha... -
Each muscle fibre is closely surrounded by connective tissue. This acts as a support for the muscle fibres and unites them to each other. ... -
Virchow's triad refers to the 3 primary influences for thrombus formation and it includes: 1) Endothelial injury 2) Stasis, turbulence ...
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