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DEFINITION Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/L. Normal level= 3.5-5.5 mmol/L. It is encountered... -
Cardiac muscle is striated same as a typical skeletal muscle. The muscle fibrils are surrounded by numerous and elongated mitochondria since... -
DEFINITION Edema is an abnormal presence of excessive fluid in the interstitial space. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The movement of water a... -
INTRODUCTION The Apgar score was devised in 1952 by Dr Virginia Apgar (anesthesiologist) as a simple and repeatable method to quickly ... -
INTRODUCTION The Gram stain was developed in 1884 by the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram. It is one of the most useful staining... -
The plantar response is an important test to identify an upper motor neuron lesion. PROCEDURE To elicit it, the muscles of the lower li... -
1) There is usually a tingling sensation in the throat in hemoptysis while in hematemesis the patient will usually complain from nausea and ...
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INTRODUCTION Chronic and excessive use of alcohol is one of the major causes of liver disease. 90% of daily heavy drinkers (>60 g al... -
INTRODUCTION Romberg's test is done to assess the integrity of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. It is not a test to assess th...
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Mitral facies is one of the cutaneous manifestations of systemic diseases. The pathology in question here is mitral stenosis. Mitral fa...
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