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DEFINITION Edema is an abnormal presence of excessive fluid in the interstitial space. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The movement of water a... -
DEFINITION Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/L. Normal level= 3.5-5.5 mmol/L. It is encountered... -
INTRODUCTION The Gram stain was developed in 1884 by the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram. It is one of the most useful staining... -
The plantar response is an important test to identify an upper motor neuron lesion. PROCEDURE To elicit it, the muscles of the lower li... -
INTRODUCTION The Apgar score was devised in 1952 by Dr Virginia Apgar (anesthesiologist) as a simple and repeatable method to quickly ... -
Hyperemia and congestion both indicate a local increased volume of blood in a particular tissue. Hyperemia is an active process tha... -
It consists of two types of blocks: 1) Mobitz type I block, 2) Mobitz type II block. Mobitz type I It is also called as Wenckebac... -
1) There is usually a tingling sensation in the throat in hemoptysis while in hematemesis the patient will usually complain from nausea and ...
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INTRODUCTION Chronic and excessive use of alcohol is one of the major causes of liver disease. 90% of daily heavy drinkers (>60 g al... -
It is at times difficult to interpret a PA chest X-ray as the amount of information present is huge. A systematic approach should always ...
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