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DEFINITION Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/L. Normal level= 3.5-5.5 mmol/L. It is encountered... -
DEFINITION Edema is an abnormal presence of excessive fluid in the interstitial space. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The movement of water a... -
The plantar response is an important test to identify an upper motor neuron lesion. PROCEDURE To elicit it, the muscles of the lower li... -
INTRODUCTION The Gram stain was developed in 1884 by the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram. It is one of the most useful staining... -
Each muscle fibre is closely surrounded by connective tissue. This acts as a support for the muscle fibres and unites them to each other. ... -
The ECG changes in hypokalemia is mainly due to a delayed ventricular repolarisation. The changes normally do not correlate well with the pl... -
Cardiac muscle is striated same as a typical skeletal muscle. The muscle fibrils are surrounded by numerous and elongated mitochondria since... -
The conducting system of the heart consists of: 1) Sino-Atrial Node (SAN), 2) Internodal tract, 3) Atrio-Ventricular Node (AVN), ... -
It is at times difficult to interpret a PA chest X-ray as the amount of information present is huge. A systematic approach should always ... -
The double-ring test is clearly shown in this photo. It is also known as the ring sign or halo sign. The patient was brought following an...
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